Cardiac arrhythmias increase during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and in long COVID syndrome, by unknown mechanisms. This study explored the acute and long-term effects of COVID-19 on cardiac electrophysiology and the cardiac conduction system (CCS) in a hamster model. Electrocardiograms and subpleural pressures were recorded by telemetry for 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and interferon-stimulated gene expression and macrophage infiltration of the CCS were assessed at 4 days and 4 weeks postinfection. COVID-19 induced pronounced tachypnea and cardiac arrhythmias, including bradycardia and persistent atrioventricular block, though no viral protein expression was detected in the heart. Arrhythmias developed rapidly, partially reversed, and then redeveloped, indicating persistent CCS injury. COVID-19 induced cardiac cytokine expression, connexin mislocalization, and CCS macrophage remodeling. Interestingly, sterile innate immune activation by direct cardiac injection of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC) induced arrhythmias similar to those of COVID-19. PIC strongly induced cytokine secretion and interferon signaling in hearts, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, and engineered heart tissues, accompanied by alterations in excitation-contraction coupling. Importantly, the pulmonary and cardiac effects of COVID-19 were blunted by JAK/STAT inhibition or a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection indirectly leads to arrhythmias by innate immune activation and redox stress, which could have implications for long COVID syndrome.
Long Covid