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Abstract
Evidence supporting the use of intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine for depression has dramatically increased.
- A large number of clinical trials and real-world effectiveness studies suggest antidepressant effects of ketamine.
- Larger studies indicate an adequate safety profile for both intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine, including with long-term treatment.
- Alternative methods of administration are being explored to improve accessibility, though their efficacy compared to intravenous ketamine is still uncertain.
- Preliminary data indicate potential effectiveness of ketamine in treating conditions such as bipolar disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
- Challenges include functional unblinding, expectancy-related bias, and treatment costs.
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