Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights

Oct 2, 2015International psychogeriatrics

Factors linked to and predicting loneliness in older adults: insights from numbers and personal experiences

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Abstract

Variables significantly associated with loneliness in older adults include female gender, non-married status, and living alone.

Older age, poor income, lower educational level, and low quality of social relationships are linked to increased loneliness.
Poor self-reported health and functional status are also associated with feelings of loneliness in the elderly.
Psychological factors such as poor mental health, low self-efficacy, negative life events, and cognitive deficits may contribute to loneliness.
Focus group discussions revealed that environmental barriers, unsafe neighborhoods, and inadequate social resources impact loneliness.
Participants identified boredom, inactivity, and recent losses of loved ones as additional contributors to loneliness.

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BACKGROUND: Older persons are particularly vulnerable to loneliness because of common age-related changes and losses. This paper reviews predictors of loneliness in the older population as described in the current literature and a small qualitative study.

METHODS: Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified from psycINFO, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar from 2000-2012. Overall, 38 articles were reviewed. Two focus groups were conducted asking older participants about the causes of loneliness.

RESULTS: Variables significantly associated with loneliness in older adults were: female gender, non-married status, older age, poor income, lower educational level, living alone, low quality of social relationships, poor self-reported health, and poor functional status. Psychological attributes associated with loneliness included poor mental health, low self-efficacy beliefs, negative life events, and cognitive deficits. These associations were mainly studied in cross-sectional studies. In the focus groups, participants mentioned environmental barriers, unsafe neighborhoods, migration patterns, inaccessible housing, and inadequate resources for socializing. Other issues raised in the focus groups were the relationship between loneliness and boredom and inactivity, the role of recent losses of family and friends, as well as mental health issues, such as shame and fear.

CONCLUSIONS: Future quantitative studies are needed to examine the impact of physical and social environments on loneliness in this population. It is important to better map the multiple factors and ways by which they impact loneliness to develop better solutions for public policy, city, and environmental planning, and individually based interventions. This effort should be viewed as a public health priority.

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Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights

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