Long-term outdoor artificial light at night linked to natural and specific causes of death in the Netherlands

Outdoor artificial light-at-night (ALAN) is recognized as a potential environmental health risk.

• Epidemiological evidence primarily focuses on incidence studies related to ALAN.
• Cause-specific mortality, which indicates disease occurrence and survival, has not been extensively studied in relation to ALAN.
• Associations between ALAN exposure and health outcomes may vary based on the method of exposure assessment.
• Grid-level and buffer-based measures are two different approaches to assessing ALAN exposure.

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