M2 polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages is dependent on integrin β3 via peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ up‐regulation in breast cancer

Apr 21, 2020Immunology

Breast cancer tumor-supporting immune cells shift to a healing type through integrin β3 and increased PPAR-γ

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Abstract

Integrin β3 was found to be highly expressed on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) exhibiting M2-like characteristics.

M1-like macrophages are involved in killing cancer cells, while M2-like macrophages promote tumor growth and immunosuppression.
Intervention with integrin β3 inhibitors CYC or triptolide can inhibit the M2 polarization of TAM.
Blockade or knockout of integrin β3 also suppresses the M2 polarization of macrophages in a cell model.
PPARγ, a regulator of M2 polarization, is activated by integrin β3 and is involved in the M2 polarization process.
In tumor-bearing mice, treatment with integrin β3 inhibitors increased the M1/M2 ratio of TAM without altering total lymphocyte infiltration.

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Macrophages are particularly abundant and play an important role throughout the tumor progression process, namely, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the tumor microenvironment. TAM can be polarized to disparate functional phenotypes, the M1 and M2 macrophages. M1-like type macrophages are defined as pro-inflammatory cells involved in killing cancer cells, while M2-like type cells can specially promote tumor growth and metastasis, tissue remodeling and immunosuppression. In this study, we first found that integrin β3 was highly expressed on the surface of TAM, both in vivo and in vitro, that displayed the M2-like characteristics. Under intervention of CYC or triptolide, the integrin β3 inhibitors, the M2 polarization of TAM could be inhibited. Moreover, in the cell model of M2 polarization, either blockade or knockout/knockdown of integrin β3 could also suppress macrophage M2 polarization, which suggested that the M2 polarization was dependent on integrin β3. Using knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), an M2 regulator, we found that expression and activation of PPARγ participated in M2 polarization that was mediated by integrin β3. Finally, to verify the activity of integrin β3 inhibitors on TAM in vivo, 4T1 tumor-bearing mice were treated with CYC or triptolide; in response, the M1/M2 ratio of TAM was up-regulated, while the infiltration of total lymphocytes into tumor tissue was not altered. In general, our study found a connection between integrin β3 and macrophage polarization, which provides a strategy for facilitating M2 to M1 repolarization and reconstructing the tumor immune microenvironment.

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M2 polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages is dependent on integrin β3 via peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ up‐regulation in breast cancer

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