Evening are associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, with an odds ratio of 2.96.
Only 1.8% of participants identified as evening chronotypes, while 93.5% were intermediate and 4.7% morning types.
Insomnia severity, sleep quality, and pre-sleep cognitive arousal partially mediated the relationship between chronotype and depressive symptoms.
Insomnia severity accounted for 28.44% of the mediation effect, sleep quality for 31.25%, and cognitive arousal for 23.58%.
Social jetlag did not significantly mediate the relationship between chronotype and depressive symptoms.
Simplified
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the impact of on depressive symptoms and explore the mediating effects of sleep quality, pre-sleep cognitive arousal, and social jetlag in a sample of wage earners.
METHODS: A total of 3,917 waged workers were surveyed online in July 2022. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were used to assess the relationship between chronotype (morningness, intermediate, and eveningness) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 5), and the mediating effects of (ISI), (PSQI), and Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS). All analyses were adjusted for age, education level, income level, marital status, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, occupation, employment status, and working hours to calculate odds ratios (ORs).
RESULTS: The chronotypes of all the participants were divided into morningness (4.7%), intermediate (93.5%), and eveningness (1.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of depression in the eveningness chronotype (OR: 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51, 5.86). Regarding the mediation analysis, ISI mediated 28.44% (95% CI: 16.39-40.5), PSQI for 31.25% (95% CI: 19.36, 43.15), and PSAS-Cognitive Score (PSAS-C) for 23.58% (95% CI: 10.66, 36.50) of the association between chronotype and depressive symptoms. However, social jetlag did not significantly mediate this relationship. (percentage mediated = 0.75%, 95% CI: -3.88, 5.39).
CONCLUSIONS: Evening chronotypes exhibit an increased risk of depressive symptoms, which ISI, PSQI, and PSAS-C partially mediated. This suggests that interventions to improve sleep quality and maintain adequate sleep habits may effectively prevent and treat depression in employees with an eveningness chronotype.
Key numbers
2.96
Increased Risk of Depression
Odds ratio for evening vs. morning
28.44%
Mediation by
Percentage mediated by
31.25%
Mediation by
Percentage mediated by
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