BACKGROUND: High-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders are associated with trimethylamine (TMA)/trimethylamine-oxide (TMAO), whose production is linked to gut microbial choline metabolism. However, changes in specific gut microbiota under a high-fat diet and the relationship between these changes and choline in TMA/TMAO production remain unclear. N
METHODS: A total of 48 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to one-week acclimatization feeding, and then randomly divided into four groups (12 mice per group) to establish a 2 × 2 factorial design animal experiment: the control group (CON, basal diet), the choline-supplemented control group (CON + C, basal diet supplemented with 1% choline), the high-fat diet group (HF, high-fat diet), and the high-fat plus choline group (HF + C, high-fat diet supplemented with 1% choline). The experiment lasted for 9 weeks, during which dynamic monitoring of TMAO levels in mice was performed in the first 4 weeks. At the ninth week, the mice were sacrificed and samples were collected for subsequent assays, including the concentrations of TMA and TMAO in serum, colonic contents and feces; the pathological morphology of liver tissue, adipocyte staining characteristics and serum biochemical parameters; and the expression levels of key genes and proteins in liver, small intestine and colon tissues. Meanwhile, metagenomic analysis was conducted on colonic contents, combined with machine learning to predict the correlation between gut microbiota and TMA. In addition, gene cloning, multiple sequence alignment, molecular simulation and in vitro culture experiments were carried out to verify the TMA-producing function of the target strain.
RESULTS: This study elucidated that high-fat diet and high choline exert a significant interaction in TMA/TMAO production through a 2 × 2 animal experiment; meanwhile, the significantly increased TMA/TMAO levels co-induced by the two factors further exacerbate metabolic disorders. Notably, through combined metagenomics and machine learning, we identifiedas the primary TMA-producing microorganism under high-fat/choline diet induction. In vitro cultures simulating the intestinal environment revealed that the TMA conversion ability ofis time-dependent, reaching 60 ± 2.49% after 24 h of anaerobic culture with choline chloride. Multiple sequence alignment and molecular simulation further demonstrated that the CutC enzyme ofhas a conserved amino acid sequence and high affinity for choline. Serratia marcescens Serratia marcescens Serratia marcescens
CONCLUSIONS: We uncovered a two-factor synergistic effect of a high-fat/choline diet on TMA/TMAO, and for the first time identified the genusas a TMA-producing bacterium. These findings provide a new potential target for intervening in metabolic disorders mediated by high-fat diet-induced TMAO elevation. Serratia
