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Abstract
Microbiota-derived signals may regulate neurodevelopment and contribute to neurodegenerative disorders across the lifespan.
- Immune activation, barrier dysfunction, and microbial metabolites are central mediators linking gut dysbiosis to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
- Early-life microbial disturbances, influenced by antibiotic use, diet, and stress, may lead to long-term changes in immune and metabolic function.
- Dysbiosis is consistently associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and major neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
- Causal relationships between microbiota and neurological conditions remain unclear due to variability in studies and reliance on observational data.
- A lifespan model suggests that microbial influences on immune and metabolic pathways affect both early brain development and late-life neurodegeneration.
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