Frontiers in microbiology

How Sex Hormones, Gut Microbes, and Metabolism Relate to Migraine Differences Between Men and Women

Updated

Abstract

Women experience a prevalence of migraine that is two to three times higher than men.

  • The gut-brain axis is implicated in migraine biology.
  • The roles of sex hormones, microbial signaling, and microbial metabolites in migraine are not well understood.
  • There is a need to evaluate sex-related microbial and metabolic profiles specific to migraine.
  • Understanding these profiles may reveal insights into the sex differences observed in migraine characteristics.

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