platforms are expanding beyond COVID-19 through new engineering and delivery approaches.
Evidence
This review covers mechanistic mRNA vaccine design, lipid, polymeric, virus-like particle, and needle-free delivery systems, and applications across infectious disease, oncology, autoimmune, and other immune-mediated disorders.
Caveat
The abstract identifies persistent barriers in stability, delivery efficiency, large-scale manufacturing, and global accessibility rather than reporting new comparative clinical outcomes.
Simplified
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have revolutionized the field of vaccinology, offering rapid design flexibility, scalable manufacturing, and strong immunogenicity. The unprecedented success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has accelerated research into novel delivery platforms and expanded therapeutic applications beyond infectious diseases to cancer immunotherapy and immune-mediated disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic principles underlying design, including mRNA engineering strategies, delivery innovations such as (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), and virus-like particles (VLPs), as well as emerging needle-free administration technologies. We further highlight recent advances in therapeutic areas spanning infectious diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus), oncology, and non-traditional indications such as autoimmune disorders. Despite remarkable progress, critical challenges persist in vaccine stability, delivery efficiency, large-scale manufacturing, and global accessibility. Finally, we discuss future research directions integrating artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and systems immunology to accelerate next-generation mRNA vaccine development and clinical translation.
Full Text
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