mRNA vaccine platforms and novel delivery systems: From mechanistic principles to clinical translation

📖 Top 20% JournalDec 12, 2025Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics

How mRNA Vaccines Work and New Ways to Deliver Them for Medical Use

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Abstract

mRNA vaccines have shown strong immunogenicity and rapid design flexibility.

Research into mRNA vaccines has expanded from infectious diseases to applications in cancer immunotherapy and immune-mediated disorders.
Innovations in delivery methods include , polymeric nanoparticles, and virus-like particles.
Recent advances target a range of therapeutic areas, including HIV, tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus, and autoimmune disorders.
Challenges remain regarding vaccine stability, delivery efficiency, large-scale manufacturing, and global accessibility.
Future directions may involve integrating artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and systems immunology to enhance development.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have revolutionized the field of vaccinology, offering rapid design flexibility, scalable manufacturing, and strong immunogenicity. The unprecedented success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has accelerated research into novel delivery platforms and expanded therapeutic applications beyond infectious diseases to cancer immunotherapy and immune-mediated disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic principles underlying design, including mRNA engineering strategies, delivery innovations such as (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), and virus-like particles (VLPs), as well as emerging needle-free administration technologies. We further highlight recent advances in therapeutic areas spanning infectious diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus), oncology, and non-traditional indications such as autoimmune disorders. Despite remarkable progress, critical challenges persist in vaccine stability, delivery efficiency, large-scale manufacturing, and global accessibility. Finally, we discuss future research directions integrating artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and systems immunology to accelerate next-generation mRNA vaccine development and clinical translation.

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