What this is
- This research investigates the activity of natural killer () cells against ().
- contribute to glioblastoma's aggressive nature and treatment resistance.
- The study introduces image-based assays to assess cell migration and cytotoxicity towards .
- These methodologies aim to enhance cell immunotherapy for improved glioblastoma treatment.
Essence
- cells show limited cytotoxicity against , but targeting the SUV39H1 pathway enhances cell activity. Image-based assays provide a straightforward method to evaluate cell behavior towards .
Key takeaways
- cell migration towards increases significantly when undergo SUV39H1 knockdown. This suggests that manipulating GSC pathways can enhance cell response.
- Co-culture with cells leads to a marginal decline in GSC viability, indicating limited cell cytotoxicity. However, SUV39H1 knockdown in notably increases cell-mediated cytotoxic effects.
- The study presents two image-based assays that simplify the evaluation of cell activity, making them accessible for various laboratory settings. This approach contrasts with traditional methods that require complex equipment.
Caveats
- The assays may not fully replicate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, limiting their applicability. Utilizing 3D GSC neurospheres could provide more accurate models.
- The influence of other immune cells on cell efficacy against remains unclear, necessitating further investigation to validate the findings.
Definitions
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: A type of immune cell that can recognize and kill tumor cells without prior sensitization.
- Glioblastoma Stem Cells (GSCs): A subpopulation of cells within glioblastoma that possess self-renewal and tumorigenic capabilities, contributing to tumor recurrence.
Simplified
Materials
NK‐92MI (Cat # CRL‐2408; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA)MyeloCult H5100 culture media (Cat # 05150; STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada)Hydrocortisone (Cat # 74142; STEMCELL Technologies)GSC3565 (a gift from Dr Jeremy Rich, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)Neurobasal media (Cat # 12349015; Gibco, Billings, MT, USA)B27 without vitamin A (Cat # 12587010; Gibco)EGF (Cat # 236‐EG‐01M; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA)bFGF (Cat # 3718‐FB‐025; R&D Systems)Sodium pyruvate (Cat # 11360070; Gibco)Glutamax (Cat # 35050061; Gibco)Penicillin/streptomycin (Cat # SV30010; Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA)Lenti‐X‐293T cells (Cat # 632180; TaKaRa Bio, San Jose, CA, USA)DMEM media (Cat # 11995065; Gibco)FBS (Cat # 35015CV; Corning, Corning, NY, USA)Accutase (Cat # AT104500; Innovative Cell Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA)DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium (Cat #14190250; Gibco)DMSO (Cat # BP2311; Fisher BioReagents, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)Control and SUV39H1 shRNA vectors (gifts from Dr Charles Spruck, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA)jetPRIME transfection reagent (Cat # 101000001; Polyplus, Illkirch‐Graffenstaden, France)Transwell inserts with diameter 6.5 mm, pore size 5 mm (Cat # 3421; Corning)Calcein AM (Cat # 65085339; eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA)U‐Shaped‐Bottom 96‐well plate (Cat # FB012932↗; Fisherbrand, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)Hemocytometer (Cat # 304811; Weber Scientific, Hamilton, NJ, USA)Axiovert 40 CFL Inverted Microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany)X‐Cite 120 Fluorescence Illumination Systems (EXFO Photonic Solutions Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada)
Methods
Cell culture
Prepare the NK‐92MI cell culture media by adding 500 μL of 10 mm hydrocortisone and 5 mL of penicillin/streptomycin into 500 mL of MyeloCult H5100 culture media. Maintain the NK‐92MI cells expressing human IL‐2 in NK cell culture media in a 5% CO2, 37 °C incubator, passaging them every 2–3 days to retain a cell density between 2 × 105 and 8 × 105 cells·mL−1. For Lenti‐X‐293T cells, utilize DMEM media supplemented with 10% FBS for cell culture. GSC3565, a mesenchymal GSC model derived from a 32‐year‐old male GBM patient from University Hospitals, Cleveland by Dr Jeremy Rich lab, has been used in previous research [15, 16]. Regarding GSC3565 culture, employ Neurobasal media supplemented with B27 lacking vitamin A, 20 ng·mL−1 EGF, 20 ng·mL−1 bFGF, 1% sodium pyruvate, 1% GlutaMAX, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin [17].
Lentivirus preparation, infection, andconditioned media collection GSC
The lentivirus packaging plasmids (pMD2.g and psPAX2) alongside control or SUV39H1 shRNA vectors are transfected into Lenti‐X‐293T cells cultured in DMEM media using jetPRIME transfection reagent. Following 24 h, the DMEM media is replaced with GSC culture media and incubated at 37 °C for an additional 48 h. The collected supernatant containing lentivirus undergoes filtration through 0.45 μm filters before GSC infection. To infect GSCs, incubate the lentivirus expressing either control or SUV39H1 shRNA with GSCs for 24 h, followed by a media change for another 48 h. Gather the conditioned media from these GSCs for NK cell migration assay. Simultaneously, portion the surplus conditioned media into 1.5 mL tubes and store them at −80 °C for future utilization. The GSCs transduced with either control or SUV39H1 shRNA are collected for GSC‐NK co‐culture and NK cell cytotoxicity assay.
Image‐basedcell migration assay NK
Precondition transwell inserts by introducing 600 μL of freshly prepared GSC media into the lower compartment of 24‐well plate wells, followed by the placement of inserts. Subsequently, add 100 μL of NK cell media into the upper compartment of the inserts. Incubate the setup for 1 h in a 5% CO2, 37 °C incubator.Harvest NK‐92MI cells into a 15 mL centrifuge tube, subjecting them to centrifugation at 500 g for 5 min.Aspirate the media and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of fresh NK cell media that has been pre‐warmed in a 37 °C water bath. Subsequently, quantify the NK‐92MI cells using a hemocytometer.Retrieve the preconditioned 24‐well plate from the incubator. Remove 600 μL of media from the lower compartment of each well and replace it with 600 μL of GSC conditioned media collected when culturing GSCs transduced with control or SUV39H1 shRNA, as detailed in the ‘Lentivirus preparation, infection, and GSC conditioned media collection’ section.Place the preconditioned transwell inserts into these wells and withdraw the initial 100 μL of NK cell media. Add 100 μL of 105 NK‐92MI cells into each transwell insert.Include fresh GSC media in lower compartment of 24‐well plate wells with NK‐92MI cells in the inserts, serving as negative controls.Incubate the plate for 4 h in a 5% CO2, 37 °C incubator.Extract the inserts and examine the lower compartment of the wells using a Zeiss Axiovert 40 CFL inverted microscope. Any migrated NK‐92MI cells should be observable in the wells.Capture images of NK‐92MI cells in the wells using zen blue software connected to the microscope at 4× magnification. For each group, count the total number of NK‐92MI cells in each of the four selected fields before using graphpad prism (GraphPad Software, LLC., La Jolla, CA, USA) to generate the bar chart for comparison.
Please refer to the schematic of this assay in Fig. 1.
Schematic of the image‐based NK cell migration assay.
Image‐basedcell cytotoxicity assay NK
Centrifuge GSCs previously transduced with either control or SUV39H1 shRNA as detailed in the ‘Lentivirus preparation, infection, and GSC conditioned media collection’ section at 500 g for 5 min.Resuspend the resulting cell pellets in 1 mL of 0.25% accutase and incubate at 37 °C for 5 min to obtain a single‐cell suspension.Subject the cell suspension to another round of centrifugation at 500 g for 5 min. Resuspend the cells in 3 mL of GSC culture media that has been pre‐warmed in a 37 °C water bath.Add 1.5 μL of calcein AM solution (10 mm stock in DMSO) to the cells to achieve a final concentration of 5 μm, and gently mix. Incubate the mixture for 30 min in a 5% CO2, 37 °C incubator.Centrifuge the calcein AM‐labeled GSCs at 500 g for 5 min.Wash the cells 3 times with 5 mL of DPBS to remove excess calcein AM dye.Centrifuge NK‐92MI cells at 500 g for 5 min. Resuspend them in fresh NK cell media pre‐warmed in a 37 °C water bath.Utilize a hemocytometer to count both the calcein AM‐labeled GSCs and the NK‐92MI cells.Adjust the GSC concentration to 105 cells·mL−1 in GSC culture media and the NK‐92MI cells to 2 × 106 cells·mL−1 in NK cell media.In a U‐Shaped‐Bottom 96‐well plate, place calcein AM‐labeled GSCs (104 cells per 100 μL per well) with or without NK‐92MI cells (2 × 105 cells per 100 μL per well) in duplicate. Utilize GSCs (control vs. SUV39H1 knockdown) only with 100 μL NK cell culture media as controls.Incubate the cells for 4 h in a 5% CO2, 37 °C incubator.Post‐incubation, capture fluorescence images for the calcein AM signal (green) in the wells using a fluorescence microscope (Axiovert 40 CFL Inverted Microscope) connected to X‐Cite 120 Fluorescence Illumination Systems at 10× magnification.Quantify the calcein AM signal in the images. Calculate the percentage viability of GSCs using the formula: Viability % = (# of ‘green’ GSCs co‐cultured with NK‐92MI cells/# of ‘green’ GSCs in controls) × 100.
Please refer to the schematic of this assay in Fig. 2.
Schematic of the image‐based NK cell cytotoxicity assay.
Results and Discussion
The SUV39H1 gene encodes a methyltransferase enzyme primarily responsible for catalyzing methylation at the histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9) site, essential for maintaining heterochromatin structure by repressing repetitive sequences [18, 19]. Our previous research has demonstrated that targeting SUV39H1 pathway in various cancer cells leads to increased expression of specific cytokines known to attract NK cells, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10 [19]. This upregulation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 was also observed in GSCs following SUV39H1 knockdown (Fig. 3A). Consequently, the secretion of these cytokines into the GSC media is expected to promote NK cell migration in our migration assay. In the NK cell migration assay, three distinct groups were examined: a control group with fresh GSC culture media, a conditioned media group from GSCs infected by lentivirus expressing control shRNA, and an experimental group with conditioned media from GSCs exhibiting SUV39H1 knockdown. Quantification of migrated NK‐92MI cells was performed by analyzing images acquired from the lower compartment of the wells. The results indicate a significant increase in the migration of NK‐92MI cells towards the conditioned media from GSCs with SUV39H1 knockdown (Fig. 3B,C).
In the NK cell cytotoxicity assay, GSCs subjected to control conditions or SUV39H1 knockdown were initially labeled using calcein AM before their co‐culture with or without NK‐92MI cells. Calcein AM exhibits low cytotoxicity and easily permeates live cells, where it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases [20]. This process yields stable, vibrant green fluorescence, ideal for prolonged imaging without photobleaching. The results reveal a marginal decline in the viability of GSCs following co‐culture with NK‐92MI cells, suggesting limited cytotoxicity exerted by the NK cells against GSCs. However, the knockdown of SUV39H1 in the GSCs notably augmented the cytotoxic effects of NK‐92MI cells on the GSCs (Fig. 4A,B). Correspondingly, our previous study indicated that targeting the SUV39H1 pathway could increase the expression of several NK cell activating receptors on cancer cells, potentially leading to the recognition and subsequent elimination of these cancer cells by NK cells [19]. Consequently, these findings further validate the reliability and precision of our assay method.
Patient‐derived GSCs at an early passage were employed in the assays, underscoring the clinical significance and relevance of this research. This article delineates two image‐based methodologies aimed at efficiently examining NK cell migration and cytotoxicity towards GSCs. To quantify the migrated NK cells, unlike traditional approaches such as flow cytometry, which require expensive equipment and specialized training [21, 22, 23], our detection method is straightforward, cost‐effective, and adaptable to basic microscopy available in most laboratory setups, reducing operational complexities. Traditionally, the chromium release assay has been a mainstay for evaluating NK cell cytotoxicity [21, 24]. However, its reliance on radioisotopes like chromium‐51 presents health risks, demands specific training, and involves handling expensive and potentially hazardous radioactive materials. Furthermore, the assay's dependency on spontaneous release may yield inconsistent results. In contrast, our outlined protocol offers a simplified, easily implementable alternative applicable to laboratories equipped with a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, both of our assays enable direct quantification of cells (NK‐92MI cells in the migration assay and GSCs in the cytotoxicity assay) within the experimental wells, obviating the need for transfer or additional instrumentation. This not only saves time but also minimizes potential variations introduced during such additional processing steps. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge the limitations here. While aiding in comprehending NK cell behavior towards GSCs, these assays may not entirely mirror the complexity of in vivo settings. For instance, our use of single‐cell suspensions of GSCs in co‐culture assays with NK cells may not fully capture the in vivo scenario where NK cells penetrate the tumor. Therefore, utilizing 3D GSC neurospheres could better emulate the in vivo environment. Galat et al. recently employed GSC neurospheres to assess NK cell function [25], though ensuring uniform sphere sizes at the outset, especially for high‐throughput screening, is crucial yet challenging for enhancing assay accuracy. In addition, the influence of other immune cell players, such as T cells or macrophages, on the effects exerted by NK cells against GSCs in GBM microenvironment remains a pertinent question. Consequently, validating the outcomes obtained in vitro through subsequent in vivo investigations is imperative. This strategic approach would bolster the practical applicability of the insights garnered from these assays.
Collectively, this research introduces methodologies that are straightforward, dependable, and adaptable for application in diverse laboratory environments, enabling the investigation of NK cell migration and cytotoxicity against GSCs. While acknowledging the study's limitations, the outlined methodology holds promise in delineating the feasibility of identifying novel targets and leveraging NK cell immunotherapy for targeting GSCs and treating GBM.
(A) qPCR detection of indicated gene expression in GSCs. Data represent mean ± SEM. **< 0.01 by unpairedtest. (B) Representative images of the NK‐92MI cells that migrated into the lower compartment of the 24‐well plate. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) Quantification of the migrated NK‐92MI cells in different fields (= 4). Data represent mean ± SEM. **< 0.01 by unpairedtest. P t n P t
(A) Representative fluorescent images of calcein AM‐labeled GSCs. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Quantification of the viability of GSCs in different fields (= 4). Data represent mean ± SEM. **< 0.01 by two‐way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test. n P
Tips & Tricks
Establishing an initial equilibration phase for the transwell inserts is crucial for preserving the optimal functionality of NK cells in the migration assay. This process entails a stepwise addition of GSC media to the wells within a 24‐well plate, followed by the insertion of transwell inserts, and subsequent addition of NK cell media into the inserts. A recommended minimum incubation period of 1 h for the plate is advised to achieve the desired equilibrium. The inserts are supplied in packs of 12, prearranged within a 24‐well plate. If fewer than 12 migrations are being conducted, it's possible to extract the required number of inserts, utilizing a standard 24‐well plate, and then reseal the remaining inserts in their container. Employing U‐Shaped‐Bottom 96‐well plates for the cytotoxicity assay might offer an improved spatial proximity conducive to the interaction between NK‐92MI cells and GSCs compared to regular flat‐bottom plates. To optimize calcein AM staining of GSCs, conducting a preliminary experiment that varies concentrations and incubation times is advisable. The use of DPBS for washing GSCs subsequent to calcein AM staining is crucial to minimize nonspecific high background staining. Given the distinct culture media requirements for NK‐92MI cells and GSCs, extended co‐culture periods have the potential to affect their cellular traits and behaviors during analyses. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize prolonged co‐culture durations to uphold the integrity of experiments and mitigate the likelihood of changes in cellular characteristics.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author contributions
YD, SM, SG, and JS performed the experiments. YD, SM, SA, CS, AMR, AAC‐G and JS contributed to writing, reviewing, and editing the manuscript. JS conceived and designed the project.