Context-dependent contribution of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) to neutrophil extracellular trap formation and liver injury in acute and chronic hepatotoxicant challenge

Sep 9, 2025Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

PAD4’s role in immune trap formation and liver damage varies with acute and chronic toxin exposure

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Abstract

Chronic carbon tetrachloride challenge increased circulating NET biomarkers in wild-type mice but rarely showed intrahepatic NET formation.

Elevated circulating NET biomarkers, such as myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes, were observed in chronic CCl4-challenged wild-type mice compared to those receiving vehicle.
deficiency did not eliminate circulating NET markers or impact liver fibrosis as assessed by specific staining techniques.
A modest, sex-specific decrease in hepatic collagen type I was noted in PAD4-deficient mice.
After acute CCl4 challenge, both plasma NET biomarkers and intrahepatic increased in a PAD4-dependent manner.
PAD4 deficiency resulted in reduced coagulation activity 24 hours post-challenge and decreased hepatocellular necrosis after 48 hours.

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Neutrophils play a complex role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and have been linked to both liver damage and injury resolution. Recent reports propose that neutrophils drive liver injury and fibrosis through the formation of (NETs). This study tests the hypothesis that the enzyme (PAD4) drives NET formation and liver fibrosis in experimental chronic liver injury. Wild-type (PAD4+/+) and PAD4-deficient (PAD4-/-) mice were chronically challenged twice weekly with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1 ml/kg, i.p) or vehicle (corn oil) for 6 weeks, and samples were collected 24 h after the final challenge. In separate studies, mice were challenged once, and samples were collected 24 to 48 h later. Circulating NET biomarkers (e.g. myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes) were elevated in chronic CCl4-challenged wild-type mice compared to vehicle, though surprisingly, intrahepatic NETs were rarely observed. In contrast to our hypothesis, PAD4 deficiency did not eliminate circulating NET markers in chronic challenge. Furthermore, PAD4 deficiency did not impact liver fibrosis assessed by picrosirius red labeling or the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin but caused a modest, sex-specific decrease in hepatic collagen type I immunolabeling. Interestingly, plasma NET biomarkers and intrahepatic NETs were both increased following acute CCl4 challenge in a PAD4-dependent manner. Furthermore, PAD4 deficiency reduced coagulation activity after 24 h and decreased hepatocellular necrosis 48 h after challenge. Our studies ultimately suggest that PAD4 affects liver injury uniquely, depending on the stage of disease and that mechanisms of NET formation may occur independent of PAD4 in chronic liver injury.

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Context-dependent contribution of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) to neutrophil extracellular trap formation and liver injury in acute and chronic hepatotoxicant challenge

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