The suppressive role of phytochemical-induced glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 in human urothelial carcinoma cells

GSTM2 gene expression is lower in high stages of bladder urothelial carcinoma compared to stage 1 and normal bladder tissue.

• Overexpression of GSTM2 slows down the invasion, migration, and tumor sphere formation of bladder cancer cells.
• The activity of the GSTM2 gene is influenced by an SP1 site located at -48 to -40 bp in its promoter region.
• Inhibition of SP1 with mithramycin A reduces GSTM2 promoter activity and protein levels.
• SP1 overexpression leads to increased GSTM2 expression in bladder cancer cell lines.
• Phytochemicals such as baicalein, berberrubine, chalcone, curcumin, resveratrol, and wogonin enhance GSTM2 promoter activity.
• Berberrubine and resveratrol significantly boost GSTM2 mRNA and protein expression through SP1 activation and reduced gene methylation.

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