Piperazine derivatives may harm nerve cells by disrupting energy production and cell structure

Piperazine derivatives such as BZP and TFMPP are associated with neurological and cardiovascular toxicity.

• These substances are often used as substitutes for MDMA in recreational settings.
• Their psychoactive effects are primarily linked to the activity of certain neurotransmitters.
• In vitro studies suggest that they may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
• Potential impacts on the neuronal cytoskeleton, particularly microtubules, have not been thoroughly explored.

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