Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacologyJul 27, 2026

Understanding how psychedelic clinical trials are designed and studied

Psychedelic Science Weekly Brief ↗PubMed ↗DOI ↗OA ↗

Updated Jul 28, 2026

Abstract

Psychedelic therapies face unique challenges in clinical trials, particularly in maintaining effective concealment in placebo-controlled settings.

Psychedelic-assisted therapy often includes preparatory and integrative psychotherapy, which may influence outcomes.
The therapeutic relationship between subjects and therapists is more impactful on results compared to traditional pharmacotherapies.
Functional unblinding in placebo-controlled trials has been a significant issue, complicating the assessment of true therapeutic effects.
Positive expectancy effects in those receiving active treatment and negative expectancy effects in placebo groups may further obscure results.
Various approaches to mitigate these challenges have been explored, but none have fully resolved the issues of unblinding.

Simplified

Clinical trials with psychedelics face several challenges that are not present to such a degree with other pharmacotherapeutics. Psychedelic therapies often include a significant therapeutic container, including preparatory and integrative psychotherapy, along with supportive intervention during dosing sessions. All these are likely to have an effect on the outcomes. Additionally, the influence of the therapeutic relationship between study subjects and study therapists is often more pronounced and more impactful on the outcomes as it is in pharmacotherapies that do not require psychotherapy. Perhaps the most important challenge with psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is the inability to effectively conceal the assignment in placebo-controlled settings. Many different approaches have been tried, however, all have suffered from a complete or significant functional unblinding making it difficult to discern the true therapeutic effect of the psychedelic in conjunction with the psychotherapeutic modalities which accompany it from a positive expectancy effect (often in the subjects receiving active intervention), which is further compounded by an additional negative expectancy effect (often in the subjects receiving placebo). This can be particularly problematic if functional unblinding is not just a nuisance variable but is deeply connected with the mechanism of therapeutic action itself. In this manuscript, we discuss various advantages and disadvantages of currently available approaches utilized in psychedelic trials and propose conceptual and methodological perspectives on approaching these problems.

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Funding

Competing interests

Scott Shannon reports research support from Mind Med, Beckley Psytech, and Lykos for FDA-approved schedule I research. Other authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

PubMed

Understanding how psychedelic clinical trials are designed and studied

Abstract

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Funding

Competing interests

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Abstract

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