Retinal light perception and biological rhythms: The role of light in sleep and mood from an ophthalmic perspective (Review)

Light significantly influences human sleep, mood, and physiological balance.

• The retina plays a crucial role in detecting light and regulating circadian rhythms through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
• Short-wavelength blue light is particularly effective at influencing neuroendocrine functions, including melatonin production and sleep-wake cycles.
• Disruptions in light perception, due to factors like artificial light at night or eye diseases, can lead to circadian misalignment.
• Circadian misalignment is linked to sleep disorders and depressive symptoms.
• The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling pathway in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is identified as a key mediator in light-based entrainment of circadian rhythms.
• Targeted interventions, such as light therapy, may offer potential solutions for rhythm-related disorders.

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