Riluzole enhances the antitumor effects of temozolomide via suppression of MGMT expression in glioblastoma

Mar 14, 2020Journal of neurosurgery

Riluzole may boost temozolomide’s cancer-fighting effects by lowering MGMT levels in brain tumors

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Abstract

Riluzole significantly suppressed tumor growth in an intracranial MGMT-positive glioblastoma model (p < 0.05).

Riluzole exhibited significant growth-inhibitory effects on all evaluated glioblastoma cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
The combination of riluzole with temozolomide enhanced the antitumor effect synergistically in MGMT-positive glioblastoma cell lines.
Riluzole alone reduced the expression of MGMT, a DNA repair enzyme associated with resistance to temozolomide.
Riluzole significantly decreased the upregulation of MGMT induced by temozolomide (p < 0.01).
The findings suggest that combining temozolomide with riluzole may be a novel therapeutic approach for treating MGMT-positive glioblastomas.

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OBJECTIVE: Glutamatergic signaling significantly promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioblastoma (GBM). Riluzole, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 inhibitor, reportedly suppresses GBM growth. However, the effects of combining riluzole with the primary GBM chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of combinatorial therapy with TMZ/riluzole for GBM in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS: Three GBM cell lines, T98G (human; O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase [MGMT] positive), U87MG (human; MGMT negative), and GL261 (murine; MGMT positive), were treated with TMZ, riluzole, or a combination of both. The authors performed cell viability assays, followed by isobologram analysis, to evaluate the effects of combinatorial treatment for each GBM cell line. They tested the effect of riluzole on MGMT, a DNA repair enzyme causing chemoresistance to TMZ, through quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in T98G cells. Furthermore, they evaluated the efficacy of combinatorial TMZ/riluzole treatment in an orthotopic mouse allograft model of MGMT-positive GBM using C57BL/6 J mice and GL261 cells.

RESULTS: Riluzole displayed significant time- and dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effects on all GBM cell lines assessed independently. Riluzole enhanced the antitumor effect of TMZ synergistically in MGMT-positive but not in MGMT-negative GBM cell lines. Riluzole singularly suppressed MGMT expression, and it significantly suppressed TMZ-induced MGMT upregulation (p < 0.01). Furthermore, combinatorial TMZ/riluzole treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in the intracranial MGMT-positive GBM model (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Riluzole attenuates TMZ-induced MGMT upregulation and enhances the antitumor effect of TMZ in MGMT-positive GBMs. Therefore, combinatorial TMZ/riluzole treatment is a potentially promising novel therapeutic regimen for MGMT-positive GBMs.

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Riluzole enhances the antitumor effects of temozolomide via suppression of MGMT expression in glioblastoma

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