Socioeconomic Inequalities in Intakes of Ultraprocessed and Minimally Processed Foods in Nationally Representative Samples of Adults in Canada: An Analysis of Trends between 2004 and 2015

Jul 25, 2024The Journal of nutrition

Socioeconomic Differences in Eating Highly Processed and Minimally Processed Foods Among Canadian Adults from 2004 to 2015

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Abstract

The absolute gap in ultraprocessed food intake declined from -1.2% to -7.9% of energy among higher socioeconomic position groups between 2004 and 2015.

Individuals with higher educational attainment showed the largest inequities in ultraprocessed and minimally processed food intake.
Higher socioeconomic groups generally had more favorable dietary intakes over the study period.
Trends indicated that higher household food insecurity was associated with increased ultraprocessed food intake in lower socioeconomic groups.
In contrast, lower neighborhood material deprivation was linked to more favorable intakes of minimally processed food among lower socioeconomic groups.
Overall, trends from 2004 to 2015 revealed emerging inequalities in food intake associated with socioeconomic factors.

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BACKGROUND: Individuals with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) often have higher intakes of ultraprocessed food (UPF) and lower intakes of minimally processed food (MPF); however, studies have not examined trends in absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake using multiple indicators of SEP.

OBJECTIVES: We examined within-year absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake and trends between 2004 and 2015 according to 6 indicators of SEP among nationally representative samples of adults in Canada.

METHODS: Adults (≥18 y) in the Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition 2004 (n = 20,880) or 2015 (n = 13,970) reported SEP (individual and household education, household income adequacy, household food insecurity, neighborhood material and social deprivation) and completed a 24-h dietary recall. Multivariable linear regression assessed within-year absolute and relative gaps and gradients in the proportion of energy from UPF and MPF and trends between 2004 and 2015.

RESULTS: The largest and most consistent within-year inequities in UPF and MPF intake were for individual and household educational attainment. Overall and among males, higher SEP groups had more favorable intakes over time based on trends in absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake by household food insecurity [for example, the absolute gap in UPF intake declined from -1.2% (95% confidence interval: -5.3%, 2.9%) to -7.9% of energy (95% confidence interval: -11.2%, -4.5%) in the overall population]. Overall and among males, lower SEP groups had more favorable intakes over time based on trends in absolute and relative gaps in UPF and MPF intake by neighborhood material deprivation.

CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic inequalities in UPF and MPF intake were most pronounced for individual and household education. Between 2004 and 2015, several inequalities in UPF and MPF intake emerged according to household food insecurity (favoring higher SEP groups) and neighborhood material deprivation (favoring lower SEP groups).

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