T cell-specific non-viral DNA delivery and in vivo CAR-T generation using targeted lipid nanoparticles

Jul 14, 2025Journal for immunotherapy of cancer

Targeted fat-based particles deliver DNA to T cells and create CAR-T cells inside the body

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Abstract

A single intravenous dose of the novel targeted lipid nanoparticle NCtx induced robust CAR-T cell generation, resulting in effective tumor control and significantly improved survival in two distinct xenograft models.

NCtx demonstrated high specificity and transfection efficiency for both and mRNA in primary T cells.
The delivery of transposase mRNA facilitated the integration of the CAR gene into the T cell genome, producing stable CAR-T cells.
These CAR-T cells exhibited antigen-specific cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines.
In vivo studies showed that NCtx led to a significant antitumor response, indicating its potential for effective cancer treatment.
The findings suggest that targeted can be a viable non-viral gene therapy vector for generating CAR-T cells in vivo.

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BACKGROUND: Ex vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, treatment accessibility is hindered by high costs, long manufacturing times, and the need for specialized centers and inpatient care. Strategies to generate CAR-T cells in vivo have emerged as a promising alternative that could bypass CAR-T manufacturing bottlenecks. Most current in vivo CAR-T approaches, while demonstrating encouraging preclinical efficacy, rely on transient messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery or viral vectors which both have limitations in terms of efficiency, durability, and scalability. To address these challenges, we developed a novel DNA-based targeted lipid nanoparticle (LNP) which we termed NCtx.

METHODS: (mcDNA) encoding a CAR construct and SB100x transposase mRNA were encapsulated within a novel lipid formulation which was functionalized with T cell-specific anti-CD7 and anti-CD3 binders. In vitro, we evaluated T cell specificity, mcDNA and mRNA transfection efficiency, transposon-mediated CAR integration and functionality of the resulting CAR-T cells. In vivo efficacy was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell and CD34stem cell humanized murine xenograft models of B cell leukemia. +

RESULTS: In vitro, NCtx displayed high specificity and transfection efficiency with both mcDNA and mRNA in primary T cells. Transposase mRNA facilitated genomic integration of the CAR gene, leading to the generation of stable CAR-T cells that exhibited antigen-specific cytotoxicity and cytokine release. In vivo, a single intravenous dose of NCtx induced robust CAR-T cell generation resulting in effective tumor control and significantly improved survival in two distinct xenograft models.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate for the first time that targeted can be employed for efficient DNA delivery to T cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that when combined with transposase technology, this LNP-based system can efficiently generate stable CAR-T cells directly in vivo, inducing potent and durable antitumor responses. NCtx represents a novel non-viral gene therapy vector for in vivo , offering a scalable and potentially more accessible alternative to traditional approaches in CAR-T cell generation.

Key numbers

41%

CAR+ T Cells

Percentage of primary T cells expressing CAR four days post-transfection.

122 CAR+ T cells/µL

CAR+ T Cells in Blood

Average CAR+ T cell count per µL of blood at 22 days post-administration.

75%

Tumor Control

Percentage of NCtx-dual-treated mice exhibiting complete tumor clearance by day 42.

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T cell-specific non-viral DNA delivery and in vivo CAR-T generation using targeted lipid nanoparticles

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