Effects of ambient air pollution mixtures and household fuel use on progression to advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older adults

18.2% of participants developed advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.

• Ambient air pollutants and household solid fuel use are identified as independent risk factors for advanced CKM syndrome.
• The highest risk is associated with individuals exposed to both high ambient air pollution and using clean-to-solid fuel.
• Co-exposure to a higher level of a mixture of ambient air pollutants is linked to an increased risk of advanced CKM syndrome.
• Particulate matter (PM) is noted as the primary contributor to the elevated risk.

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