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Abstract
Multi-axis interactions among the skeletal system, immune system, and gut microbiota are examined within an integrative physiological framework.
- The brain-bone-gut axis describes a regulatory network linking the central nervous system, bone metabolism, and gut microbiota.
- There are three core pathways identified: the brain-bone axis, the gut-bone axis, and the gut-brain axis.
- Immune-inflammatory processes may connect gut dysbiosis with bone metabolic disturbances and changes in brain function.
- An integrated approach combining microecological interventions, nutrition, and exercise management is proposed to improve gut health and support skeletal and brain function.
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