Effect of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness: Evidence based on behavior and fNIRS

Mar 5, 2026Journal of safety research

How daily body clock types relate to alertness in e-bike riders based on behavior and brain activity

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Abstract

Chronotype is associated with e-bike riders' alertness, with morning-type riders responding faster in the morning and evening-type riders in the afternoon.

  • Morning-type riders demonstrated faster response times during both morning and afternoon tests compared to evening-type riders.
  • All riders performed with greater accuracy on the alertness task in the morning.
  • Significant differences in brain activation patterns were observed in the primary visual cortex, varying by chronotype and time of day.
  • Morning-type riders exhibited positive brain activation in the morning and negative activation in the afternoon.
  • Evening-type riders showed consistently negative brain activation at both testing times, with higher activation in the morning.

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