Cross-cultural comparison of seven morningness and sleep-wake measures from Germany, India and Slovakia

Sep 2, 2014International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie

Comparing Morningness and Sleep Patterns in People from Germany, India, and Slovakia

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Abstract

Sample sizes included 300 from Germany, 482 from Slovakia, and 409 from India.

Country had the strongest influence on morningness-eveningness preferences.
Germans were identified as the latest chronotypes, differing from Indians in all seven measures.
Slovakians and Indians exhibited differences in all measures except for energy levels.
Women tended to score higher on the Composite Scale of Morningness but lower on the Circadian Energy Scale.
Women also reported longer sleep durations and earlier midpoints of sleep.

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Morningness-eveningness or circadian typology can be viewed as an interesting aspect of individual differences. Morningness-eveningness is a preference for a given time of day for physical or mental performance, but also reflects aspects of affect. Here, we used seven different measures to assess differences in morningness-eveningness between Germany, Slovakia and India. The hypothesis was that Indians should be earliest chronotypes, followed by Slovakia and then Germany, because of higher temperatures in India, and the fact that Slovakia is located farther east compared to Germany. We applied the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), the Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS), the CAEN Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ), and habitual sleep-wake variables to calculate sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and social jetlag. Sample sizes were N = 300 (Germany), N = 482 (Slovakia) and N = 409 (India). Country had the strongest influence on morningness-eveningness. Germans were latest chronotypes and differed in all seven measures from Indians but differed from Slovakians only in the energy level at the evening and midpoint of sleep. Slovakians and Indians differed in all measures but the energy level (CIRENS). Women scored higher on the CSM, lower on CIRENS, lower on the morningness-eveningness (ME) scale, but higher on distinctness (DI) scale. Women slept longer and had an earlier midpoint of sleep.

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Cross-cultural comparison of seven morningness and sleep-wake measures from Germany, India and Slovakia

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