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Abstract
The gut microbiota influences appetite regulation through metabolites that activate various receptors on enteroendocrine cells.
- Microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acid derivatives affect the secretion of appetite-related hormones.
- Key hormones involved include ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, and leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, nesfatin-1, and cholecystokinin, which promote feelings of fullness.
- These hormones impact hypothalamic circuits, particularly the NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART pathways, connecting microbial signaling to appetite control.
- Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, disrupts this endocrine signaling, leading to altered hormonal secretion and leptin resistance.
- Such disruptions may contribute to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.
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