Mammals have circadian clocks, which consist of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the peripheral clocks in the peripheral tissues. The effect of exercise on phase of peripheral clocks have been reported in rodents but not in humans. Continuous sampling is necessary to assess the phase of the circadian rhythm of peripheral clock gene expressions. It has been assumed that the expression of the genes in leukocyte may be "an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome." The present study aimed to examine whether exercise affects the level and phase of clock gene expression in human leukocytes. Eleven young men participated in three trials, in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% V̇ofor 1 h beginning either at 0700 (morning exercise) or 1600 (afternoon exercise) or no exercise (control). Blood samples were collected at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2300 and at 0600 the next morning, to assess diurnal changes of clock gene expression in leukocytes. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 () expression level increased after morning and afternoon exercise, and() expression level increased after morning exercise. Compared with control trial, acrophase ofexpression tended to be earlier in morning exercise trial and later in afternoon exercise trial. Acrophase ofexpression was earlier in morning exercise trial but not affected by afternoon exercise. Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (),(), andexpression levels and those acrophases were not affected by exercise. The present results suggest a potential role of a single bout of exercise to modify peripheral clocks in humans.The present study showed that a single bout of exercise affected peripheral clock gene expression in human leukocytes and the effect of exercise depended on when it was performed. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 () expression was increased after exercises performed in the morning and afternoon.() expression was also increased after the morning exercise. The effect of exercise on acrophase ofdepended on the time of the exercise: advanced after morning exercise and delayed after afternoon exercise. 2max Bmal1Cryptochrome 1Cry1Bmal1Cry1Clock Period 1-3Per1-3Cry2Bmal1Cryptochrome 1Cry1Bmal1NEW & NOTEWORTHY
