Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone primarily secreted by L-cells in the gut, prompts insulin release, thus reducing blood sugar levels and causing weight loss by inducing feelings of fullness while curbing appetite. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) mimic its effects, proving highly effective in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and facilitating weight loss. While predominantly approved for T2DM and obesity, GLP-1 RAs also hold promise for treating other conditions like heart and kidney disease, with ongoing research exploring additional therapeutic applications. These agonists exhibit diverse effects within different organ systems, influencing conditions such as psoriasis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This study aims to comprehensively review the impact of GLP-1 RAs on various body systems, emphasizing both positive and negative effects while addressing existing knowledge gaps in the literature. By enhancing understanding of the diverse effects of GLP-1 RAs, this study aims to contribute to a broader awareness of their therapeutic potential. This systemic review uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure a robust and transparent search process, aiming to minimize bias and maximize the retrieval of pertinent studies for review, where past research on GLP-1 RAs' interactions with various bodily systems were analyzed. The hypothesis posits that a systems-based review of GLP-1 RA mechanisms will reveal positive and negative effects across multiple organ systems, providing comprehensive insights into the hormone's physiological impact. This systematic review will assess the appropriateness of GLP-1 RAs in various aforementioned patient health states, shedding light on their potential impacts on comorbidities. With the surge in popularity of GLP-1 RAs for weight loss and diabetes management, this study aims to enhance patient understanding and informed decision-making regarding these medications, countering trends driven by celebrity endorsements and promoting better healthcare outcomes.
