Frequent Eating and Late-Night Snacking Speed Up Type 2 Diabetes and Change Daily Metabolic Gene Patterns in Male Diabetic Mice

Increasing meal frequency from three to six isocaloric meals per day significantly increased T2DM incidence (relative risk = 2.1) in male KKAy mice.

• High-frequency feeding with late-night snacking disrupted normal glucose and insulin rhythms.
• Hepatic glycogen accumulation was increased with higher meal frequency.
• Elevated hepatic metabolic gene expression was observed alongside altered diurnal coexpression patterns.
• These findings suggest that meal frequency is an independent factor affecting metabolic health.

Simplified