The Risk of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus According to Offspring’s Birthweight in Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Feb 6, 2024Journal of Korean medical science

Risk of High Blood Pressure and Diabetes in Women with Normal Weight Linked to Their Children's Birthweight

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Abstract

Among 64,037 women, those who delivered very (LGA) babies were at a higher risk of developing (DM).

Women delivering very LGA babies (birthweight > 97th percentile) had an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.358 for developing DM compared to those with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) babies.
Women delivering very (SGA) babies (birthweight < 3rd percentile) faced an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.431 for developing (HTN) compared to those with AGA babies.
The study controlled for factors including age, parity, gestational age at delivery, fetal sex, maternal BMI score, and smoking history.
The findings suggest that offspring's birthweight may be associated with future maternal health risks.

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BACKGROUND: Maladaptation to vascular, metabolic, and physiological changes during pregnancy can lead to fetal growth disorders. Moreover, adverse outcomes during pregnancy can further increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in mothers. Delivering a (LGA) baby may indicate a pre-existing metabolic dysfunction, whereas delivering a (SGA) baby may indicate a pre-existing vascular dysfunction. This study aims to assess the risk of (HTN) and (DM) in women with normal body mass index (BMI) scores who did not experience gestational DM or hypertensive disorders during pregnancy based on the offspring's birthweight.

METHODS: This retrospective nationwide study included women with normal BMI scores who delivered a singleton baby after 37 weeks. Women with a history of DM or HTN before pregnancy and those with gestational DM or hypertensive disorders, were excluded from the study. We compared the risk of future maternal outcomes (HTN and DM) according to the offspring's birthweight. Multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the future risk of HTN or DM.

RESULTS: A total of 64,037 women were included in the analysis. Of these, women who delivered very LGA babies (birthweight > 97th percentile) were at a higher risk of developing DM than those who delivered appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) babies (adjusted HR = 1.358 [1.068-1.727]), and women who delivered very SGA babies (birthweight < 3rd percentile) were at a higher risk of developing HTN than those who delivered AGA babies (adjusted HR = 1.431 [1.181-1.734]), even after adjusting for age, parity, gestational age at delivery, fetal sex, maternal BMI score, and a history of smoking.

CONCLUSION: These findings provide a novel support for the use of the offspring's birthweight as a predictor of future maternal diseases such as HTN and DM.

Key numbers

1.358×

Increased Risk of Diabetes

Adjusted hazard ratio for in women with very babies vs. AGA babies.

1.431×

Increased Risk of

Adjusted hazard ratio for in women with very babies vs. AGA babies.

64,037

Study Population Size

Total number of women included in the analysis.

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The Risk of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus According to Offspring’s Birthweight in Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

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