Dose-dependent effects of quinine delivered into the small intestine on blood sugar, hormone levels, stomach emptying, and food intake in men with type 2 diabetes

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank S. Standfield, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, the University of Adelaide, for performing the analysis of samples for glucoregulatory hormones. The preliminary data from this study were included in PR’s PhD thesis. Data availability: All datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding: VB, JA-S and PR were each supported by Adelaide Scholarship International stipends, provided by the University of Adelaide (VB, 2017–2020; JA-S, 2021–2025; PR, 2018–2022), and CF-B by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship (Grant 1103020, 2016–2022). The research was supported by a Diabetes Australia Research Project Grant (2021–2022) to CF-B. Authors’ relationships and activities: MH declares stocks in Mirum Pharmaceuticals, a company that owns Livmarli (maralixibat), which is approved in the USA and Europe for the treatment of cholestatic pruritus in Alagille syndrome (a genetic liver disorder), and the company has work underway related to rare liver diseases, but not to diabetes or obesity; declares stock options, but does not own any stock, in Glyscend Therapeutics, a company that owns orally administered, gut-targeted, polymer therapies and has work underway related to type 2 diabetes and obesity; and is a member of the scientific and clinical advisory board for Glyscend. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. Contribution statement: VB, JA-S and PR were involved in the conception and design of the study, data collection and interpretation, statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript. PCEF was involved in data collection and review of the manuscript. KL was involved in statistical analysis and review of the manuscript. MH was involved in the conception and design of the study, data interpretation and review of the manuscript. CF-B was involved in the conception and design of the study, data interpretation, and drafting and review of the manuscript, and is the guarantor of this work. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.