European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

New approaches to cancer immunotherapy inside tumors beyond immune checkpoint blockers

Updated

Abstract

Novel combination therapies using intratumoural immunotherapies may help overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) provide durable responses in only a subset of patients.
  • Resistance mechanisms to ICIs are a major focus of ongoing clinical research.
  • Targeting immunoregulatory pathways in the tumour microenvironment could enhance the efficacy of these treatments.
  • Intratumoural immunotherapies, including various agonists and oncolytic viruses, may serve as potential combination options.
  • Combining intratumoural immunotherapies with ICIs may modify the tumour microenvironment to improve antitumour responses.
  • Optimizing clinical trials for intratumoural immunotherapies may identify which patients are likely to benefit the most.

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Funding

Competing interests

Conflict of interest statement J.Y. is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. A.K. is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and has stock ownership interests in Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. J.B. reports grants and others from Acerta, Celgene, Genentech, Kite/Gilead and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. R.H.I.A is an employee of Seven and Eight Biopharmaceuticals Inc and reports personal fees from Aduro, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Moderna Therapeutics, Novartis, Oncosec, Pfizer, Pulse Biosciences and Takara. S.H.-L. reports no conflicts of interest. J.J.L. reports scientific advisory board from 7 Hills, Actym, Alphamab Oncology, Arch Oncology, Kanaph, Mavu, Onc.AI, Pyxis, Spring Bank and Tempest; consultancy from AbbVie, Algios, Array, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, CStone, Eisai, EMD Serono, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Mersana, Novartis, PTx, RefleXion, Regeneron, Rubius, Silicon, Tesaro and Xilios; research support (to his institution for clinical trials unless noted) from AbbVie, Agios (IIT), Array (IIT), Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corvus, EMD Serono, Immatics, Incyte, Kadmon, MacroGenics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Spring Bank, Tizona and Xencor; travel from Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Mersana and Pyxis; patents (both provisional): Serial #15/612,657 (Cancer Immunotherapy), PCT/US18/36052 (Microbiome Biomarkers for Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Responsiveness: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Uses Thereof). A.D. reports consulting fees from Apexigen, Idera and Nektar; and institutional research funding from Apexigen, Idera Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and Nektar Therapeutics. A.M. reports no conflict of interest. A.S. is an employee and stockholder of Two River, Inc. Z.A.C is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and has stock ownership interests in Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and in Bristol Myers Squibb. F.S.H. reports grants, personal fees, and others from Bristol Myers Squibb; personal fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and from EMD Serono; grants, personal fees and others from Novartis; personal fees from Surface, Compass Therapeutics, Apricity, Aduro, Sanofi, Pionyr, Torque, Rheos, Kairos, Bicara, Eisai, Idera, Takeda; and others from Pieris Pharmaceutical and from Corner Therapeutics. In addition, Dr. Hodi has the following patents: ‘Methods for Treating MICA-Related Disorders’ (#20100111973) with royalties paid, ‘Tumor Antigens and Uses Thereof’ (#7250291) issued, ‘Angiopoietin-2 Biomarkers Predictive of Anti-Immune Checkpoint Response’ (#20170248603) pending, ‘Compositions and Methods for Identification, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Melanoma Using PD-L1 Isoforms’ (#20160340407) pending, ‘Therapeutic Peptides’ (#20160046716) pending, a patent Therapeutic Peptides (#20140004112) pending, a patent Therapeutic Peptides (#20170022275) pending, ‘Therapeutic Peptides’ (#20170008962) pending, ‘Therapeutic Peptides’ issued (#9402905), ‘Methods of Using Pembrolizumab and Trebananib’ pending, ‘Vaccine Compositions and Methods for Restoring NKG2D Pathway Function Against Cancers’ issued (#10279021), ‘Antibodies That Bind to MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence A’ issued (#10106611) and ‘Únti-Galectin Antibody Biomarkers Predictive of Anti-Immune Checkpoint and Anti-Angiogenesis Responses’ pending (#20170343552).
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