Lifespan ends at death, but when does healthy living end?

Lifespan is defined as the chronological duration from birth to biological death.

• Longevity is the ability to survive longer than the average lifespan of a species, understood probabilistically.
• Healthspan typically describes the duration of life free from major chronic diseases and significant functional decline.
• Healthspan is often marked by the onset of impairments that affect physical or mental independence, regardless of age.
• Survival can continue even after a decline in health, influenced by medical, physiological, technological, and psychosocial factors.
• Clarifying these concepts is important for research alignment and developing interventions that extend meaningful healthy lifespan.

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