Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of α-synuclein aggregates in the brain. Changes in the gut microbiota have been closely associated with PD pathophysiology and may contribute to disease-related processes through neuroinflammatory, metabolic, and immune-mediated mechanisms. This review explores the connection between the microbiome-gut-brain axis and Parkinson's disease and highlights new microbiome-based therapeutic interventions to help manage the disease. The extensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, and included articles concerned with opposing gut microbiota changes, mechanistic pathways, and microbiome-based targeted therapeutic strategies for PD. Existing data suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to mechanisms associated with PD pathogenesis through alterations in immune responses, α-synuclein aggregation, and neurotransmitter signalling. Restoration of microbial balance and alleviation of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms are potential benefits of therapeutic interventions targeting microorganisms, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary changes, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The microbiome-gut-brain axis is a promising approach to preventing and treating Parkinson's disease, but additional clinical trials are needed to determine its long-term effectiveness and safety.
