[Molecular mechanisms of circadian clock functioning].

Sep 6, 2011Ukrains'kyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal (1999 )

How the Body’s Internal Clock Works at the Molecular Level

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Abstract

The circadian CLOCK system is essential for regulating physiological processes with a period of about 24 hours.

The circadian CLOCK system includes key components such as Period (PER1, PER2, PER3), BMAL (BMAL1, BMAL2), and cryptochromes (CRY1, CRY2).
Expression of some circadian genes is regulated by a transcription factor complex known as CLOCK-BMAL1.
Enzymes involved in post-translational modifications of circadian gene products play a vital role in determining the duration of biorhythms.
Casein kinase-1epsilon and -1delta are identified as the most important enzymes in the circadian CLOCK system.
There is an observed interconnection between the circadian CLOCK system, the cell cycle, and cancer development.
Circadian gene expression may be sensitive to toxic agents and nanomaterials.

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Most physiological processes of all organisms are rhythmic with a period of about 24 h and are generated by an endogenous biological CLOCK present in all cells. However, there is also a central CLOCK--the primary circadian pacemaker which is localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the mammalian hypothalamus. Factors of groups Period (PER1, PER2 and PER3), BMAL (BMAL1 and BMAL2), CRYptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) as well as some other factors are the components of this circadian CLOCK system. Some of these genes contain E-box sequences and their expression is regulated by a transcription factor complex CLOCK-BMAL1. The enzymes responsible for the post-translational modification of circadian gene products are also the components of circadian CLOCK system. These enzymes define CLOCK's work and determine the duration of circadian biorhythm and functional state of the whole organism. The most important of these enzymes are casein kinase-1epsilon and -1delta. We have analysed data about the interconnection between the circadian CLOCK system, cell cycle, and cancerogenesis as well as about the sensitivity of circadian gene expression to the action of toxic agents and nanomaterials.

[Molecular mechanisms of circadian clock functioning].

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