British journal of pharmacologyMay 29, 2021

Stress-related functions and interactions of specific brainstem neurons that respond to hormones controlling metabolism and hormone release

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Updated Mar 29, 2026

Abstract

The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract () integrates signals from various stressors, highlighting the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 () and prolactin-releasing peptide () neurons.

GLP-1 and PrRP neurons in the cNTS are involved in coordinating responses to both interoceptive and psychogenic stress.
Co-activation of GLP-1 and PrRP neurons occurs in reaction to stressful stimuli, indicating their collaborative function.
PrRP neurons are positioned downstream of GLP-1 neurons, suggesting a hierarchical relationship in stress response mechanisms.
The review identifies potential targets for future research focused on stress-related disorders involving these neuronal pathways.

Simplified

Neuroendocrine, behavioural and autonomic responses to stressful stimuli are orchestrated by complex neural circuits. The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract () in the dorsomedial hindbrain is uniquely positioned to integrate signals of both interoceptive and psychogenic stress. Within the cNTS, glucagon-like peptide-1 () and prolactin-releasing peptide () neurons play crucial roles in organising neural responses to a broad range of stressors. In this review we discuss the anatomical and functional overlap between PrRP and GLP-1 neurons. We outline their co-activation in response to stressful stimuli and their importance as mediators of behavioural and physiological stress responses. Finally, we review evidence that PrRP neurons are downstream of GLP-1 neurons and outline unexplored areas of the research field. Based on the current state-of-knowledge, PrRP and GLP-1 neurons may be compelling targets in the treatment of stress-related disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Stress-related functions and interactions of specific brainstem neurons that respond to hormones controlling metabolism and hormone release

Abstract

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Abstract

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