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Polysaccharide NAP-3 Synergistically Enhances the Efficiency of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes via Bile Acid/GLP-1 Axis through Gut Microbiota Remodeling
Polysaccharide NAP-3 Boosts Metformin’s Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes by Changing Gut Bacteria and Bile Acid Hormone Signals
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Abstract
NAP-3 enhanced the efficiency of metformin in lipid and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.
- The effectiveness of NAP-3 is dependent on the gut microbiome.
- NAP-3 altered the intestinal microbial composition, which led to decreased activity of bile salt hydrolases.
- There was an upregulation of CYP27A1 and CYP7B1 functions in bile acid synthesis.
- Accumulation of specific conjugated bile acids, TβMCA and TUDCA, occurred in the ileum.
- The accumulated bile acids influenced nuclear receptors, resulting in the release of GLP-1 and improved glucose metabolism.
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