Prospects for personalized combination immunotherapy for solid tumors based on adoptive cell therapies and immune checkpoint blockade therapies

Immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies have shown success in a limited number of solid tumor patients.

• Responders to immune checkpoint therapy usually have T cell-inflamed tumors.
• There is a pressing need to develop strategies to convert non-T cell-inflamed tumors into T cell-inflamed ones.
• The effectiveness of gene-engineered T cell therapies for solid tumors is limited by unique antigen absence, antigen loss, and the suppressive tumor microenvironment.
• Gene-engineered T cells may induce antigen spreading and alter the tumor microenvironment in non-responders to immune checkpoint therapy.
• Cancer immune responses vary significantly among different tumor types and individuals, suggesting the need for personalized immunotherapy.

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