Links between negative personality, fear of being without a phone, thoughts about smartphone use, and smartphone addiction in Chinese university freshmen over time
is significantly correlated with smartphone addiction among 653 university freshmen.
Type D personality is associated with higher levels of and negative thoughts about smartphone use.
Individuals with Type D personality score higher on smartphone addiction compared to those without it.
Nomophobia and negative fully mediate the relationship between Type D personality and smartphone addiction.
Positive metacognition does not significantly mediate the relationship between Type D personality and smartphone addiction.
Simplified
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations of and smartphone addiction, while also exploring the mediating roles of and about smartphone use.
METHODS: Type D Personality Scale-14 (T1), Nomophobia Questionnaire (T2), Metacognitions about Smartphone Use Questionnaire (T2) and Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (T2) were applied at two time points. 653 university freshmen (M= 18.56, SD = 0.65) from a university in China were surveyed. age
RESULTS: (1) Type D personality was significantly and positively correlated with nomophobia, negative metacognition, and smartphone addiction. In contrast, the correlation between Type D personality and positive metacognition did not reach the significant level. (2) Compared with individuals with non-Type D personality, those with Type D personality scored significantly higher on nomophobia, negative metacognition, and smartphone addiction. However, the difference was not significant for positive metacognition. (3) Nomophobia and metacognitions about smartphone use fully mediated the relationship between Type D personality and smartphone addiction. While the mediating effects of nomophobia and negative metacognition were significant, the mediating effect of positive metacognition was not significant.
CONCLUSIONS: Type D personality can not only affect smartphone addiction directly but also indirectly through nomophobia and negative metacognition. Therefore, to prevent and intervene in smartphone addiction, we can start from both affect (nomophobia) and metacognition (negative metacognitions about smartphone use).
Key numbers
3.37
Higher smartphone addiction score
Average score for group on smartphone addiction scale
4.17
Higher score
Average score for group on scale
11.64%
Attrition rate
Percentage of participants lost between the first and second measurement
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