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Abstract
The oral-gut-brain axis connects the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.
- Gut microbiota influences the immune system, metabolism, and nerve cells through neurotransmitters and microbial metabolites that may cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Neuroinflammation and changes in oral and gut microbiota interact through inflammatory mediators in a complex bidirectional manner.
- Toll-like receptor signaling pathways may play a role in inducing neuroinflammation via the oral-gut-brain axis.
- Neuroinflammation is associated with various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
- Further studies could clarify contributing factors and lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
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