Disentangling trait and developmental chronotype across the lifespan: An augmented regression-based approach to norms for morningness–eveningness scales

Reliability and validity measures were evaluated in a sample of 4,770 Portuguese residents aged 12 to 94.

• Age-stratified analyses indicated that adolescents and older adults exhibited different reliability and validity patterns compared to other age groups.
• The reliability and validity indices were found to be adequate across the overall sample and age groups.
• The augmented regression-based norms included age and sex interactions that improved predictive performance compared to conventional norming methods.
• Scores derived from the augmented norms better predicted mental health outcomes and sleep timing compared to traditionally normed scores.
• A public calculator provides access to morningness-eveningness z-scores, percentiles, and a 9-category classification of chronotypes.

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