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Abstract
Following L-carnitine ingestion, γ-butyrobetaine is produced at a rate ∼1,000-fold higher than trimethylamine.
- γ-Butyrobetaine is identified as the major gut microbial metabolite formed from dietary L-carnitine in mice.
- γ-Butyrobetaine is converted into trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide in a manner dependent on gut microbes.
- The production of γ-butyrobetaine is associated with the acceleration of atherosclerosis.
- Distinct gut microbial taxa are linked to the metabolism of L-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine.
- Chronic dietary exposure to L-carnitine or γ-butyrobetaine leads to the development of functionally distinct microbial communities.
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