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Abstract
mRNA vaccines have transformed vaccination approaches against COVID-19 but face challenges due to mRNA instability.
- mRNA is prone to degradation by ribonucleases and other factors, complicating its storage and clinical use.
- Chemical engineering strategies can enhance mRNA stability through modifications such as 5' cap changes and poly(A) tail adjustments.
- Optimizing untranslated regions and coding sequences may contribute to improved mRNA stability.
- Innovations like reversible 2'-OH acylation, circular RNA constructs, and self-amplifying RNA systems are being explored.
- Efforts are ongoing to regulate mRNA immunogenicity and develop advanced delivery systems to improve stability.
- Challenges remain in translating these advancements into clinical applications.
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