Chronotype in college science students is associated with behavioral choices and can fluctuate across a semester

Apr 20, 2023Chronobiology international

Sleep timing in college science students is linked to behavior and can change during a semester

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Abstract

Among 858 surveyed undergraduate students, 6.3% switched their self-reported chronotype from evening to morning or vice versa over a semester.

Evening-type students reported significantly worse sleep quality and duration compared to morning-types.
Evening-types had 22% greater bedtime social media usage, 27% longer daytime napping, and 46% higher likelihood of caffeine consumption after 5pm.
Behavioral habits like social media use and caffeine consumption partially mediated the relationship between chronotype and sleep quality.
Students who switched from evening to morning chronotypes consumed less caffeine after 5pm and experienced better sleep quantity and quality later in the semester.
Demographics, stress levels, and academic demands were similar between evening and morning-type students.

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Many students self-report that they are "night owls," which can result from neurodevelopmental delays in the circadian timing system. However, whether an individual considers themselves to be an evening-type versus a morning-type (self-reported chronotype) may also be influenced by academic demands (e.g. class start times, course load) and behavioral habits (e.g. bedtime social media use, late caffeine consumption, daytime napping). If so, then chronotype should be malleable. We surveyed 858 undergraduate students enrolled in demanding science courses at up to three time points. The survey assessed morning/evening chronotype, global sleep quality, academics, and behavioral habits. Evening and morning-type students showed similar demographics, stress levels, and academic demands. At baseline measurements, relative to morning-types, evening-types showed significantly worse sleep quality and duration as well as 22% greater bedtime social media usage, 27% greater daytime napping duration, and 46% greater likelihood of consuming caffeine after 5pm. These behavioral habits partially mediated the effects of self-reported chronotype on sleep quality/duration, even after controlling for demographic factors. Interestingly, 54 students reported switching from being at least moderate evening-types at baseline to being at least moderate morning-types later in the semester and 56 students showed the reverse pattern (6.3% of students switched from "definitely" one chronotype to the other chronotype). Evening-to-morning "chrono-switchers" consumed less caffeine after 5pm and showed significantly better sleep quantity/quality at the later timepoint. Thus, some students may consider themselves to be night owls in part because they consume caffeine later, take more daytime naps, or use more social media at bedtime. Experimental work is needed to determine whether nudging night owls to behave like morning larks results in better sleep health or academic achievement.

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Chronotype in college science students is associated with behavioral choices and can fluctuate across a semester

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