Rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes in human leukocytes and beard hair follicle cells

All 13 subjects exhibited prominent daily rhythms in melatonin and cortisol secretion.

• Significant circadian rhythmicity was observed for the clock gene PER3 in all 13 subjects' leukocytes.
• PER1 showed significant rhythmicity in leukocytes for 9 subjects, while PER2 was rhythmic in 3 subjects.
• In beard hair follicle cells, PER3 demonstrated significant rhythmicity in 6 of 8 subjects tested.
• The phase of PER1 and PER3 rhythms in leukocytes significantly correlated with physiological rhythms.
• Leukocytes and beard hair follicle cells may serve as effective sources for evaluating biological clock traits.

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