Harnessing the Gut Microbiome in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Routes to Personalized Medicine—A Systematic Review

Aug 28, 2025Technology in cancer research & treatment

Using the Gut Microbiome to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy: How It Works, Challenges, and Personalized Approaches

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Abstract

may enhance immunotherapy outcomes by modulating immune responses and improving diversity.

  • The gut microbiome influences immune responses through mechanisms such as the production of short chain fatty acids and specific immune-modulating compounds.
  • Probiotics are associated with enhanced anti-inflammatory responses and increased CD8+ T-cell activity, indicating a potential synergistic effect with .
  • The composition of gut microbiota is key in determining the effectiveness of immunotherapy, particularly in patients who have previously shown resistance to treatment.
  • Personalized probiotics tailored to individual microbiota may improve treatment outcomes, though challenges such as treatment resistance and compromised mucosal integrity need to be addressed.
  • Effective drug delivery mechanisms remain a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of probiotics in immunotherapy.

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