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High-concentrate diet elevates histone lactylation mediated by p300/CBP through the upregulation of lactic acid and induces an inflammatory response in mammary gland of dairy cows
High-concentrate diet raises lactic acid and related gene changes that trigger inflammation in dairy cows' mammary glands
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Abstract
High-concentrate diet feeding significantly reduced ruminal pH, with levels below 5.6 for more than 3 hours per day.
- A high-concentrate diet increased lactic acid concentrations in both the mammary gland and plasma compared to a low-concentrate diet.
- Expression levels of lysine lactylation markers and the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) were significantly increased in the mammary gland of cows on the high-concentrate diet.
- Inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, SAA3, and TNF-α, were up-regulated in response to the high-concentrate diet, while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was down-regulated.
- Structural disorganization of the mammary gland was observed in cows fed the high-concentrate diet, characterized by incomplete glandular vesicles and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells.
- Activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway was indicated by the up-regulation of TLR4, TNF-α, p-p65, and p-IκBα in the mammary gland.
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