Comparing three morningness scales: Age and gender effects, structure and cut-off criteria

Scores from the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) correlated above 0.90 in both genders.

• Morningness scores were stable before age 35 and increased afterward.
• The three-factor structure of the CSM was replicated across five different cultures.
• The MEQ included a fourth factor, but the first three factors closely matched those of the CSM.
• The cut-off scores for both instruments showed poor concordance of chronotypes.
• Normative scores that reflect age, gender, and culture effects are needed for accurate assessment.

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