Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide are confounded by impaired kidney function and poor metabolic control

Plasma concentrations of TMAO were significantly higher in patients with diabetes (2.39 μmol/L) compared to euglycemic patients (0.980 μmol/L; p = 0.001).

• Males had significantly higher betaine concentrations than females (42.0 vs. 35.9 μmol/L; p < 0.001).
• TMAO levels were elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those without (2.37 vs. 1.43 μmol/L; p = 0.002).
• Decreasing renal function was associated with increased plasma concentrations of TMAO and choline (Spearman's rho: -0.281; p < 0.001).
• Plasma levels of TMAO and betaine were not associated with a history of myocardial infarction or the presence of coronary heart disease.
• Patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction had significantly lower plasma levels of choline compared to those without this history (10.0 vs. 10.8 μmol/L; p = 0.045).

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