How well psychological treatments are described in psychedelic therapy studies: a systematic review

Declaration of interests CS received payment or honoraria from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and was supported for attending a multistakeholder workshop by European Medicines Agency. RAS has received research funding for two randomised clinical trials with generic oral esketamine from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and the National Health Care Institute; has received research funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, EU Horizon 2020, the National Institute of Mental Health (USA), EU Horizon 2023, University Medical Center Groningen, Stichting tot Steun, Nationaal Programma Groningen, and Healthcare Innovation Funds; has received an investigator-initiated study grant for a real-world data study and a speaker's fee from Janssen Pharmaceuticals; was national coordinator of a trial of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, sponsored by Compass Pathways (EudraCT number 2017-003288-36); collaborated in clinical trials sponsored by GH Research and Novartis; initiated the Netherlands Network for Hard to Treat Depression (a public–private partnership for research and implementation of novel interventions funded by Health Holland, with co-funding from J&J, Novartis, and Compass Pathways); and received a consultancy fee from Clexio Biosciences, all outside the submitted work. AJO-M was national coordinator for Portugal of a non-interventional study (EDMS-ERI-143085581, 4.0) to characterise a treatment-resistant depression cohort in Europe, sponsored by Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Cilag AG (2019–20); of a trial of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, sponsored by Compass Pathways (EudraCT number 2017-003288-36); of a trial of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression, sponsored by Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Cilag AG (EudraCT number 2019-002992-33); has been the recipient of a grant from Schuhfried for norming and validation of cognitive tests; has received payment, honoraria, or support for attending meetings and participating in advisory boards from MSD, Neurolite AG, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Angelini Pharma, and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; has received consultancy fees from Bioprojet Pharma and NaturalX Health Ventures (all outside the submitted work); is Vice President of the Portuguese Society for Psychiatry and Mental Health; is head of the Psychiatry Working Group for the National Board of Medical Examination at the Portuguese Medical Association and Portuguese Ministry of Health; is President of the Ethics Committee for the Public Institute for Addictive Behaviors and Dependence; and is President of the Scientific Council of the Portuguese Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation. None of the agencies had a role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All other authors declare no competing interests.