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Abstract
Efficient and specific systemic delivery of mRNA to target immune cell subsets remains a major translational hurdle.
- Key biological barriers to mRNA delivery include serum instability, nonspecific biodistribution, cellular uptake heterogeneity, and inefficient endosomal escape.
- Advances in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) engineering involve discovering novel lipids, modulating compositions, conjugating targeting ligands, and incorporating stimuli-responsive elements.
- Enhanced tropism toward specific immune cells has been achieved through these engineering strategies.
- Applications in oncology, protein replacement, autoimmune disease, and tissue regeneration demonstrate the potential of targeted mRNA therapies.
- Translational challenges include safety, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory issues that need to be addressed.
- Integration of rational material design, high-throughput screening, artificial intelligence, and interdisciplinary collaboration could be essential for advancing these therapies.
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