The in vitro maintenance of clock genes expression within the rat pineal gland under standard and norepinephrine-synchronized stimulation

NE synchronization led to rhythmic expression of clock genes in pineal gland cultures.

• Control group showed no oscillations in clock gene expression.
• Standard NE stimulation did not result in a rhythmic expression pattern of clock genes.
• NE-synchronized conditions resulted in rhythmic expression of Bmal1, Per2, Cry2, Rev-erbα, Dbp, and Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase.
• An increase in melatonin synthesis was noted under NE-synchronized conditions.
• NE synchronization may mimic natural NE release, enhancing melatonin production and supporting circadian clock regulation.

AI simplified